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Current
Table of Contents
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Preface
1
Introductory Trade Issues: History, Institutions, and Legal Framework
1.1
The International Economy and International Economics
1.2
Understanding Tariffs
1.3
Recent Trade Controversies
1.4
The Great Depression, Smoot-Hawley, and the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA)
1.5
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
1.6
The Uruguay Round
1.7
The World Trade Organization
1.8
Appendix A: Selected U.S. Tariffs—2015
1.9
Appendix B: Bound versus Applied Tariffs
2
A Pure Exchange Model of Trade
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2.1
A Pure Exchange Model: Preliminaries
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2.2
Indifference Curves
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2.3
The Edgeworth Box
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2.4
The Terms of Trade
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2.5
Evaluating the Gains from Trade
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2.6
Achieving a Unique Solution
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2.7
Additional Exercises
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3
The Pure Exchange Model and Market Ethics
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3.1
Self-Interest and Cooperation
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3.2
Honesty and Markets
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3.3
Property Protection and Markets
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3.4
Self-Interest vs. Greed
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3.5
Ethics Enforcement
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4
Production, Trade, and Comparative Advantage
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4.1
Production Possibilities
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4.2
The Opportunity Cost of Production
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4.3
Absolute and Comparative Advantages
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4.4
Gains from Specialization and Trade
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4.5
David Ricardo and Comparative Advantage
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4.6
A Second Method of Defining Comparative Advantage
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4.7
Misunderstandings about Comparative Advantage
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4.8
Production Possibilities with More than Two Individuals
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4.9
Sources of Economic Growth
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4.10
Additional Exercises
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5
The Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage (Redux)
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5.1
The Theory of Comparative Advantage: Overview
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5.2
Ricardian Model Assumptions
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5.3
The Ricardian Model Production Possibility Frontier
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5.4
Definitions: Absolute and Comparative Advantage
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5.5
A Ricardian Numerical Example
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5.6
Relationship between Prices and Wages
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5.7
Deriving the Autarky Terms of Trade
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5.8
The Motivation for International Trade and Specialization
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5.9
Welfare Effects of Free Trade: Real Wage Effects
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5.10
The Welfare Effects of Free Trade: Aggregate Effects
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5.11
Appendix: Robert Torrens on Comparative Advantage
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6
The Pure Exchange Model Again with Three Traders
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6.1
A Simple Pure Exchange Economy
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6.2
Determinants of the Terms of Trade
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6.3
Example of a Two-Person Trade Pattern
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6.4
Three Traders and Redistribution with Trade
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6.5
Three Traders with International Trade
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6.6
The Nondiscrimination Argument for Free Trade
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7
Factor Mobility and Income Redistribution
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7.1
Factor Mobility Overview
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7.2
Domestic Factor Mobility
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7.3
Time and Factor Mobility
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7.4
Immobile Factor Model Overview and Assumptions
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7.5
The Production Possibility Frontier in the Immobile Factor Model
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7.6
Autarky Equilibrium in the Immobile Factor Model
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7.7
Depicting a Free Trade Equilibrium in the Immobile Factor Model
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7.8
Effect of Trade on Real Wages
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7.9
Intuition of Real Wage Effects
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7.10
Interpreting the Welfare Effects
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7.11
Aggregate Welfare Effects of Free Trade in the Immobile Factor Model
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8
The Heckscher-Ohlin (Factor Proportions) Model
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8.1
Chapter Overview
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8.2
Heckscher-Ohlin Model Assumptions
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8.3
The Production Possibility Frontier (Fixed Proportions)
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8.4
The Rybczynski Theorem
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8.5
The Magnification Effect for Quantities
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8.6
The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem
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8.7
The Magnification Effect for Prices
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8.8
The Production Possibility Frontier (Variable Proportions)
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8.9
The Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem
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8.10
Depicting a Free Trade Equilibrium in the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
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8.11
National Welfare Effects of Free Trade in the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
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8.12
The Distributive Effects of Free Trade in the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
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8.13
The Compensation Principle
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8.14
Factor-Price Equalization
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8.15
The Specific Factor Model: Overview
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8.16
The Specific Factor Model
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8.17
Dynamic Income Redistribution and Trade
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9
Economies of Scale and International Trade
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9.1
Chapter Overview
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9.2
Economies of Scale and Returns to Scale
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9.3
Gains from Trade with Economies of Scale: A Simple Explanation
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9.4
Monopolistic Competition
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9.5
Model Assumptions: Monopolistic Competition
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9.6
The Effects of Trade in a Monopolistically Competitive Industry
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9.7
The Costs and Benefits of Free Trade under Monopolistic Competition
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10
Trade Policy Effects with Perfectly Competitive Markets
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10.1
Basic Assumptions of the Partial Equilibrium Model
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10.2
The Welfare Effects of Trade Policies: Partial Equilibrium
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10.3
The Effects of International Trade
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10.4
Depicting a Free Trade Equilibrium: Large and Small Country Cases
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10.5
Import Tariffs: Small Country Price Effects
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10.6
Import Tariffs: Small Country Welfare Effects
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10.7
Import Tariffs: Large Country Price Effects
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10.8
Import Tariffs: Large Country Welfare Effects
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10.9
The Optimal Tariff
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10.10
Retaliation and Trade Wars
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10.11
Import Quotas: Large Country Price Effects
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10.12
Administration of an Import Quota
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10.13
Import Quota: Large Country Welfare Effects
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10.14
Import Quota: Small Country Price Effects
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10.15
Import Quota: Small Country Welfare Effects
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10.16
The Choice between Import Tariffs and Quotas
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10.17
Export Subsidies: Large Country Price Effects
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10.18
Export Subsidies: Large Country Welfare Effects
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10.19
Countervailing Duties
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10.20
Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs): Large Country Price Effects
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10.21
Administration of a Voluntary Export Restraint
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10.22
Voluntary Export Restraints: Large Country Welfare Effects
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10.23
Export Taxes: Large Country Price Effects
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10.24
Export Taxes: Large Country Welfare Effects
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11
Domestic Policies and International Trade
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11.1
Chapter Overview
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11.2
Domestic Production Subsidies
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11.3
Production Subsidies as a Reason for Trade
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11.4
Production Subsidy Effects in a Small Importing Country
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11.5
Domestic Consumption Taxes
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11.6
Consumption Taxes as a Reason for Trade
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11.7
Consumption Tax Effects in a Small Importing Country
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11.8
Equivalence of an Import Tariff with a Domestic (Consumption Tax plus Production Subsidy)
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12
Trade Policies with Market Imperfections and Distortions
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12.1
Chapter Overview
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12.2
Imperfections and Distortions Defined
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12.3
The Theory of the Second Best
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12.4
Unemployment and Trade Policy
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12.5
The Infant Industry Argument and Dynamic Comparative Advantage
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12.6
The Case of a Foreign Monopoly
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12.7
Monopoly and Monopsony Power and Trade
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12.8
Public Goods and National Security
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12.9
Trade and the Environment
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12.10
Economic Integration: Free Trade Areas, Trade Creation, and Trade Diversion
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13
Political Economy and International Trade
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13.1
Chapter Overview
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13.2
Some Features of a Democratic Society
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13.3
The Economic Effects of Protection: An Example
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13.4
The Consumers’ Lobbying Decision
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13.5
The Producers’ Lobbying Decision
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13.6
The Government’s Decision
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13.7
The Lobbying Problem in a Democracy
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14
Evaluating the Controversy between Free Trade and Protectionism
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14.1
Introduction
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14.2
Economic Efficiency Effects of Free Trade
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14.3
Free Trade and the Distribution of Income
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14.4
The Case for Selected Protection
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14.5
The Economic Case against Selected Protection
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14.6
Free Trade as the “Pragmatically Optimal” Policy Choice
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