The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry | David W. Ball, John W. Hill, and Rhonda J. Scott

- 1Chemistry, Matter, and Measurement
  - 1.1What Is Chemistry?
  - 1.2The Classification of Matter
  - 1.3Measurements
  - 1.4Expressing Numbers: Scientific Notation
  - 1.5Expressing Numbers: Significant Figures
  - 1.6The International System of Units
  - 1.7Converting Units
  - 1.8End-of-Chapter Material
- 2Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table
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  - 2.1The Elements
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  - 2.2Atomic Theory
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  - 2.3The Structure of Atoms
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  - 2.4Nuclei of Atoms
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  - 2.5Atomic Masses
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  - 2.6Arrangements of Electrons
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  - 2.7The Periodic Table
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  - 2.8End-of-Chapter Material
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- 3Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds
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  - 3.1Two Types of Bonding
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  - 3.2Ions
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  - 3.3Formulas for Ionic Compounds
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  - 3.4Ionic Nomenclature
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  - 3.5Formula Mass
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  - 3.6End-of-Chapter Material
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- 4Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds
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  - 4.1Covalent Bonds
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  - 4.2Covalent Compounds: Formulas and Names
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  - 4.3Multiple Covalent Bonds
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  - 4.4Characteristics of Covalent Bonds
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  - 4.5Characteristics of Molecules
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  - 4.6Introduction to Organic Chemistry
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  - 4.7End-of-Chapter Material
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- 5Introduction to Chemical Reactions
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  - 5.1The Law of Conservation of Matter
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  - 5.2Chemical Equations
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  - 5.3Quantitative Relationships Based on Chemical Equations
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  - 5.4Some Types of Chemical Reactions
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  - 5.5Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
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  - 5.6Redox Reactions in Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
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  - 5.7End-of-Chapter Material
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- 6Quantities in Chemical Reactions
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  - 6.1The Mole
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  - 6.2Atomic and Molar Masses
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  - 6.3Mole-Mass Conversions
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  - 6.4Mole-Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions
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  - 6.5Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Problems
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  - 6.6End-of-Chapter Material
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- 7Energy and Chemical Processes
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  - 7.1Energy and Its Units
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  - 7.2Heat
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  - 7.3Phase Changes
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  - 7.4Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions
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  - 7.5The Energy of Biochemical Reactions
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  - 7.6End-of-Chapter Material
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- 8Solids, Liquids, and Gases
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  - 8.1Intermolecular Interactions
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  - 8.2Solids and Liquids
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  - 8.3Gases and Pressure
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  - 8.4Gas Laws
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  - 8.5End-of-Chapter Material
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- 9Solutions
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  - 9.1Solutions
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  - 9.2Concentration
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  - 9.3The Dissolution Process
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  - 9.4Properties of Solutions
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  - 9.5End-of-Chapter Material
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- 10Acids and Bases
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  - 10.1Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases
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  - 10.2Brønsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases
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  - 10.3Water: Both an Acid and a Base
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  - 10.4The Strengths of Acids and Bases
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  - 10.5Buffers
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  - 10.6End-of-Chapter Material
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- 11Nuclear Chemistry
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  - 11.1Radioactivity
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  - 11.2Half-Life
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  - 11.3Units of Radioactivity
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  - 11.4Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
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  - 11.5Nuclear Energy
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  - 11.6End-of-Chapter Material
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- 12Organic Chemistry: Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons
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  - 12.1Organic Chemistry
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  - 12.2Structures and Names of Alkanes
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  - 12.3Branched-Chain Alkanes
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  - 12.4Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas
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  - 12.5IUPAC Nomenclature
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  - 12.6Physical Properties of Alkanes
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  - 12.7Chemical Properties of Alkanes
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  - 12.8Halogenated Hydrocarbons
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  - 12.9Cycloalkanes
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  - 12.10End-of-Chapter Material
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- 13Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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  - 13.1Alkenes: Structures and Names
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  - 13.2Cis-Trans Isomers (Geometric Isomers)
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  - 13.3Physical Properties of Alkenes
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  - 13.4Chemical Properties of Alkenes
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  - 13.5Polymers
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  - 13.6Alkynes
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  - 13.7Aromatic Compounds: Benzene
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  - 13.8Structure and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
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  - 13.9End-of-Chapter Material
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- 14Organic Compounds of Oxygen
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  - 14.1Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
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  - 14.2Alcohols: Nomenclature and Classification
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  - 14.3Physical Properties of Alcohols
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  - 14.4Reactions That Form Alcohols
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  - 14.5Reactions of Alcohols
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  - 14.6Glycols and Glycerol
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  - 14.7Phenols
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  - 14.8Ethers
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  - 14.9Aldehydes and Ketones: Structure and Names
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  - 14.10Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
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  - 14.11Organic Sulfur Compounds
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  - 14.12End-of-Chapter Material
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- 15Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives
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  - 15.1Functional Groups of the Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
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  - 15.2Carboxylic Acids: Structures and Names
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  - 15.3The Formation of Carboxylic Acids
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  - 15.4Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
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  - 15.5Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids: Ionization and Neutralization
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  - 15.6Esters: Structures and Names
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  - 15.7Physical Properties of Esters
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  - 15.8Preparation of Esters
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  - 15.9Hydrolysis of Esters
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  - 15.10Esters of Phosphoric Acid
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  - 15.11Amines: Structures and Names
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  - 15.12Physical Properties of Amines
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  - 15.13Amines as Bases
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  - 15.14Amides: Structures and Names
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  - 15.15Physical Properties of Amides
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  - 15.16Formation of Amides
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  - 15.17Chemical Properties of Amides: Hydrolysis
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  - 15.18End-of-Chapter Material
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- 16Carbohydrates
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  - 16.1Carbohydrates
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  - 16.2Classes of Monosaccharides
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  - 16.3Important Hexoses
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  - 16.4Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
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  - 16.5Properties of Monosaccharides
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  - 16.6Disaccharides
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  - 16.7Polysaccharides
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  - 16.8End-of-Chapter Material
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- 17Lipids
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  - 17.1Fatty Acids
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  - 17.2Fats and Oils
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  - 17.3Membranes and Membrane Lipids
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  - 17.4Steroids
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  - 17.5End-of-Chapter Material
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- 18Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
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  - 18.1Properties of Amino Acids
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  - 18.2Reactions of Amino Acids
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  - 18.3Peptides
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  - 18.4Proteins
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  - 18.5Enzymes
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  - 18.6Enzyme Action
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  - 18.7Enzyme Activity
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  - 18.8Enzyme Inhibition
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  - 18.9Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins
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  - 18.10End-of-Chapter Material
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- 19Nucleic Acids
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  - 19.1Nucleotides
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  - 19.2Nucleic Acid Structure
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  - 19.3Replication and Expression of Genetic Information
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  - 19.4Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
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  - 19.5Mutations and Genetic Diseases
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  - 19.6Viruses
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  - 19.7End-of-Chapter Material
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- 20Energy Metabolism
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  - 20.1ATP—the Universal Energy Currency
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  - 20.2Stage I of Catabolism
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  - 20.3Overview of Stage II of Catabolism
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  - 20.4Stage III of Catabolism
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  - 20.5Stage II of Carbohydrate Catabolism
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  - 20.6Stage II of Lipid Catabolism
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  - 20.7Stage II of Protein Catabolism
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  - 20.8End-of-Chapter Material
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- AAppendix: Periodic Table of the Elements
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