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Table of Contents

    • About the Authors
    • Acknowledgements
    • Preface
    • 1Chemistry, Matter, and Measurement
      • 1.1What Is Chemistry?
      • 1.2The Classification of Matter
      • 1.3Measurements
      • 1.4Expressing Numbers: Scientific Notation
      • 1.5Expressing Numbers: Significant Figures
      • 1.6The International System of Units
      • 1.7Converting Units
      • 1.8End-of-Chapter Material
    • 2Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table

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      • 2.1The Elements

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      • 2.2Atomic Theory

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      • 2.3The Structure of Atoms

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      • 2.4Nuclei of Atoms

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      • 2.5Atomic Masses

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      • 2.6Arrangements of Electrons

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      • 2.7The Periodic Table

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      • 2.8End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 3Nuclear Chemistry

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      • 3.1Radioactivity

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      • 3.2Half-Life

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      • 3.3Units of Radioactivity

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      • 3.4Uses of Radioactive Isotopes

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      • 3.5Nuclear Energy

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      • 3.6End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 4Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds

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      • 4.1Two Types of Bonding

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      • 4.2Ions

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      • 4.3Formulas for Ionic Compounds

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      • 4.4Ionic Nomenclature

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      • 4.5Formula Mass

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      • 4.6End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 5Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds

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      • 5.1Covalent Bonds

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      • 5.2Covalent Compounds: Formulas and Names

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      • 5.3Multiple Covalent Bonds

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      • 5.4Characteristics of Covalent Bonds

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      • 5.5Characteristics of Molecules

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      • 5.6Introduction to Organic Chemistry

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      • 5.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 6Introduction to Chemical Reactions

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      • 6.1The Law of Conservation of Matter

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      • 6.2Chemical Equations

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      • 6.3Quantitative Relationships Based on Chemical Equations

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      • 6.4Some Types of Chemical Reactions

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      • 6.5Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions

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      • 6.6Redox Reactions in Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry

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      • 6.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 7Quantities in Chemical Reactions

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      • 7.1The Mole

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      • 7.2Atomic and Molar Masses

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      • 7.3Mole-Mass Conversions

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      • 7.4Mole-Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions

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      • 7.5Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Problems

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      • 7.6End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 8Energy and Chemical Processes

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      • 8.1Energy and Its Units

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      • 8.2Heat

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      • 8.3Phase Changes

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      • 8.4Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions

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      • 8.5The Energy of Biochemical Reactions

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      • 8.6End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 9Solids, Liquids, and Gases

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      • 9.1Intermolecular Interactions

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      • 9.2Solids and Liquids

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      • 9.3Gases and Pressure

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      • 9.4Gas Laws

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      • 9.5End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 10Solutions

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      • 10.1Solutions

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      • 10.2Concentration

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      • 10.3The Dissolution Process

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      • 10.4Properties of Solutions

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      • 10.5End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 11Acids and Bases

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      • 11.1Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases

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      • 11.2Brønsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases

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      • 11.3Water: Both an Acid and a Base

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      • 11.4The Strengths of Acids and Bases

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      • 11.5Buffers

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      • 11.6End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 12Organic Chemistry: Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons

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      • 12.1Organic Chemistry

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      • 12.2Structures and Names of Alkanes

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      • 12.3Branched-Chain Alkanes

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      • 12.4Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas

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      • 12.5IUPAC Nomenclature

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      • 12.6Physical Properties of Alkanes

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      • 12.7Chemical Properties of Alkanes

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      • 12.8Halogenated Hydrocarbons

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      • 12.9Cycloalkanes

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      • 12.10End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 13Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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      • 13.1Alkenes: Structures and Names

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      • 13.2Cis-Trans Isomers (Geometric Isomers)

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      • 13.3Physical Properties of Alkenes

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      • 13.4Chemical Properties of Alkenes

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      • 13.5Polymers

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      • 13.6Alkynes

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      • 13.7Aromatic Compounds: Benzene

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      • 13.8Structure and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds

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      • 13.9End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 14Organic Compounds of Oxygen

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      • 14.1Organic Compounds with Functional Groups

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      • 14.2Alcohols: Nomenclature and Classification

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      • 14.3Physical Properties of Alcohols

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      • 14.4Reactions That Form Alcohols

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      • 14.5Reactions of Alcohols

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      • 14.6Glycols and Glycerol

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      • 14.7Phenols

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      • 14.8Ethers

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      • 14.9Aldehydes and Ketones: Structure and Names

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      • 14.10Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

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      • 14.11Organic Sulfur Compounds

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      • 14.12End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 15Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives

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      • 15.1Functional Groups of the Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

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      • 15.2Carboxylic Acids: Structures and Names

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      • 15.3The Formation of Carboxylic Acids

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      • 15.4Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

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      • 15.5Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids: Ionization and Neutralization

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      • 15.6Esters: Structures and Names

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      • 15.7Physical Properties of Esters

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      • 15.8Preparation of Esters

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      • 15.9Hydrolysis of Esters

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      • 15.10Esters of Phosphoric Acid

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      • 15.11Amines: Structures and Names

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      • 15.12Physical Properties of Amines

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      • 15.13Amines as Bases

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      • 15.14Amides: Structures and Names

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      • 15.15Physical Properties of Amides

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      • 15.16Formation of Amides

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      • 15.17Chemical Properties of Amides: Hydrolysis

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      • 15.18End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 16Carbohydrates

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      • 16.1Carbohydrates

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      • 16.2Classes of Monosaccharides

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      • 16.3Important Hexoses

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      • 16.4Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides

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      • 16.5Properties of Monosaccharides

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      • 16.6Disaccharides

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      • 16.7Polysaccharides

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      • 16.8End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 17Lipids

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      • 17.1Fatty Acids

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      • 17.2Fats and Oils

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      • 17.3Membranes and Membrane Lipids

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      • 17.4Steroids

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      • 17.5End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 18Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

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      • 18.1Properties of Amino Acids

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      • 18.2Reactions of Amino Acids

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      • 18.3Peptides

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      • 18.4Proteins

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      • 18.5Enzymes

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      • 18.6Enzyme Action

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      • 18.7Enzyme Activity

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      • 18.8Enzyme Inhibition

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      • 18.9Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins

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      • 18.10End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 19Nucleic Acids

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      • 19.1Nucleotides

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      • 19.2Nucleic Acid Structure

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      • 19.3Replication and Expression of Genetic Information

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      • 19.4Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code

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      • 19.5Mutations and Genetic Diseases

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      • 19.6Viruses

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      • 19.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 20Energy Metabolism

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      • 20.1ATP—the Universal Energy Currency

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      • 20.2Stage I of Catabolism

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      • 20.3Overview of Stage II of Catabolism

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      • 20.4Stage III of Catabolism

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      • 20.5Stage II of Carbohydrate Catabolism

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      • 20.6Stage II of Lipid Catabolism

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      • 20.7Stage II of Protein Catabolism

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      • 20.8End-of-Chapter Material

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    • AAppendix: Periodic Table of the Elements

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